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Over the past year, my mentor and I have gone back and forth on the same problem more times than I can count: why is internal rotation (IR) peak force so hard to improve in certain overhead athletes? It's not a niche concern. IR torque at the shoulder is one of the clearest markers of a high-performing shoulder – the benchmark sits around 2.1N/kg against just 1.26N/kg for the external rotators (Cools et al., 2016). That's not a small gap, and it's by design: overhead throwing

This final part of this 4-part blog series will conclude by shifting the discussion from theory into practice, exploring how concepts of mobility, stability, force production, and adaptation can be applied. The section aims to bridge the gap between understanding why mobility changes occur and how we can meaningfully develop mobility that transfers to performance, resilience, and long-term joint health. The Stability vs Mobility Conundrum It is well documented in the litera

Within this section of the blog, I want to (try!) explain the physical, architectural underpinnings of what enables a muscle-tendon unit (MTU) to be able to move through larger ranges, potentially resulting in larger joint ranges of motion in individuals. In doing so, I will critically examine some of the more commonly prescribed “mobility” interventions and unpack what they are actually changing—if anything! Before delving deeper into this section, you are probably wonderin